Rephotography: The Art and Craft of Photographing Time

Gif of bridges

How photographers — from Victorian surveyors to smartphone users — have used the camera to measure change, document history, and make art from the gap between then and now.


There are plenty of reasons to pick up a camera. To capture beauty. To document a moment. To tell a story. To make art. But one of the most intellectually demanding — and ultimately most rewarding — reasons is also one of the oldest: to return to a place that has already been photographed, stand in the same spot, and record what has changed.

This is rephotography. And whether you’re shooting on film or digital, with a large format view camera or a mirrorless body, the discipline it demands will sharpen every aspect of how you see and work.


What Rephotography Actually Is

Rephotography — sometimes called repeat photography — is the practice of photographing the same location from the same position on two or more separate occasions, with a significant time gap between images. The objective is a direct visual comparison: a diachronic pair that shows what has changed, what has survived, and what has been lost entirely.

The word “diachronic” is worth pausing on. It comes from the Greek: dia (through) + chronos (time). A diachronic view is one that cuts through time rather than capturing a single moment within it. That’s precisely what a well-executed rephotograph does — it makes time itself the subject.

At one end of the spectrum, rephotography can be casual and impressionistic: finding an old postcard of a town square, returning roughly to the same viewpoint, and taking a shot that invites comparison without claiming precision. At the other end, it is an exacting technical discipline — matching lens coverage, depth of field, season, time of day, and camera height to achieve an overlay so precise that the edges of buildings align exactly between the two frames.

Both approaches have value. But understanding the full technical and historical depth of the practice will make you a better rephotographer at any level.


A History Written in Light

The Scientific Origins

The history of rephotography is inseparable from the history of photogrammetry — the science of making measurements from photographs. From the 1850s onwards, surveyors and scientists recognised that a photograph, properly taken and documented, could serve as a permanent benchmark. Return to the same spot with the same equipment, and you could measure change with genuine precision.

By the 1880s and 1890s, systematic rephotography programmes were underway across Europe and North America. In Canada, E. Deville was using repeat photography to map the Rocky Mountains from 1889. Sebastian Finsterwalder was doing aerial photogrammetry from balloons in the Alps from 1890. The US Geological Survey developed rigorous protocols for reoccupying camera stations — documented precisely enough that future photographers could return to the exact position decades later.

This scientific tradition never went away. Today, climate researchers rely on rephotography to document glacier retreat, comparing images taken a century apart to show what no graph can quite communicate. Ecologists track vegetation recovery after wildfire. Coastal geographers monitor erosion and deposition. The camera remains, as it has always been, one of the most honest instruments we have for recording the physical world.

The Documentary Tradition

Alongside the scientific use of repeat photography, a parallel documentary tradition developed — one more concerned with human landscapes than natural ones.

The great urban survey photographers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries — working in cities from London to New York to Montreal — were creating archives that later generations would inevitably want to revisit. William Notman’s photographs of 19th-century Montreal, for example, were rephotographed by Andrzej Maciejewski in 2002 for the McCord Museum’s landmark virtual exhibition Urban Life through Two Lenses. The project demonstrated something that has since become a template for heritage rephotography: pair rigorous technique with cultural depth, and the result transcends both photography and history.

Perhaps the most celebrated American example is New York Changing, in which photographer Douglas Levere spent years rephotographing over 114 of Berenice Abbott’s iconic Changing New York images from the 1930s. Abbott herself had been documenting a city in transformation. Levere photographed her photographs being photographed again — a project that became a meditation on photography, time, and the city simultaneously.

Film, Large Format, and the Technical Challenge

For much of the 20th century, serious rephotography was a large format discipline. The reasons are practical: large format cameras produce negatives with enough resolution to reward close comparison, and their technical controls — rise, fall, shift, tilt, swing — give the photographer precise command over perspective and plane of focus that smaller format cameras cannot match.

Working from an original large format image, a rephotographer would need to identify the original camera’s position and height, the approximate focal length of the lens, and the film format used — then replicate those parameters as closely as possible. The process could require multiple reconnaissance visits before a single frame was exposed.

Film photographers working in this tradition developed an almost forensic relationship with original images. Reading shadows to determine time of day. Reading vegetation to determine season. Studying reflections in windows. Measuring the apparent height of kerb stones against doorsteps to triangulate camera height.

It is painstaking work — and it is genuinely photographic work, in the sense that it demands the full exercise of your technical understanding.


The Technical Craft: What Precise Rephotography Requires

Whether you’re working digitally or on film, precise rephotography involves solving the same set of problems.

Finding and Reaching the Original Viewpoint

This is often the most difficult step, and the one that filters out casual attempts from serious ones. The original vantage point may no longer exist. A building that provided a high viewpoint may have been demolished. A hillside may have been built over. A window from which a photographer once looked down into a street may now be inside a private office.

Before committing to a rephotography project, research whether the original viewpoint is accessible. Sometimes the answer is no — and the honest response is to find a different original image, not to approximate from a different position and call it rephotography.

When the viewpoint is accessible but elevated above ground level, you may need a ladder, a cherry picker, or negotiated access to a building. Many serious rephotographers keep a small telescoping pole or a camera mast in their kit for exactly this purpose.

Matching Focal Length and Field of View

Modern lenses cover different sensor formats from the cameras used to make historical images. A 50mm lens on a 35mm film camera has a different field of view from a 50mm lens on an APS-C or micro four thirds digital sensor.

You need to calculate the original lens’s angle of view and match it with your current equipment. For historical photographs taken before focal length metadata existed, this often means estimating from the geometry of the image itself — measuring the apparent size of known objects at known distances to work backwards to the original focal length.

Reading the Light: Season and Time of Day

Shadows are a clock. Vegetation is a calendar. A skilled rephotographer reads both.

The angle and direction of shadows in an original photograph tells you the approximate time of day and the season. In the northern hemisphere, a shadow falling due north means the sun is roughly due south — i.e., midday, and approximately equinoctial. Longer shadows angled towards the northwest indicate a summer afternoon. Short, steeply angled shadows indicate winter or midday.

Leafed-out deciduous trees indicate late spring through early autumn. Bare branches indicate winter or early spring. Blossom on fruit trees narrows the window to a few weeks in April or May in the UK.

The goal is often to return at the same time of year and the same time of day, so that the quality and direction of light is consistent across both images. This matters both aesthetically and practically — matching the shadows makes precise overlay possible.

Camera Height

This is frequently overlooked by inexperienced rephotographers, and it shows. Even a 15cm difference in camera height changes perspective noticeably when comparing images of buildings. Study the original carefully: how high were the subjects’ eyes relative to the horizon? Where do the tops of kerb stones or steps fall relative to doorways? These are your clues.

Carry a measuring tape and mark your camera height against a fixed reference point whenever you’re working on a long-term rephotography project. If you return to a location across multiple years, consistency of camera height matters.

Taking Safe Rephotographs

Please consider your own health and safety before taking any pictures.

Bear in mind that the locations may have changed since the originals were taken. Ground or workings may have become treacherous, roads may have become busier, an area could have become more isolated.

Always let someone know where you are going and don’t put yourself in danger for the sake of a photograph.


From Film to Digital: How the Tools Have Changed

The shift from film to digital changed rephotography in ways that go beyond the obvious.

Immediate feedback is perhaps the most significant. Shooting on film, you had no way to check your alignment at the viewpoint. You worked carefully, bracketed your exposures, and hoped. Shooting digitally, you can call up the original image on your camera’s screen and use live view or a semi-transparent overlay to check alignment before you shoot. This has made precision rephotography accessible to a much wider range of photographers.

Computational alignment has taken this further. Feature-matching algorithms can analyse what your camera sees and compare it against the reference image in real time, guiding you millimetre by millimetre into the correct position. What once required a surveyor’s instinct can now be assisted by software. Take a look at the GhostViewer web app and the GhostViewer camera feature that works Android and iOS phones though teh web browser.

Post-processing and overlay is where digital really comes into its own. In Lightroom or Photoshop, you can align two images pixel by pixel, adjust opacity, and create transition effects — the classic “wipe” from then to now — that simply weren’t possible in the darkroom. Dedicated rephotography software takes this further still. Or once again you can align using the GhostViewer web app.

Resolution and archival quality remain areas where large format film retains genuine advantages. A 5×4 negative scanned at high resolution contains spatial information that no current digital sensor can match. For projects where the finest architectural detail matters across a 100-year gap, large format film is still the right tool.


Rephotography as Art

Not all rephotography is documentary. Some of the most compelling work in the field is explicitly artistic — using the structural device of temporal comparison to explore memory, loss, identity, and the nature of photography itself.

Mark Klett and Byron Wolfe’s Reconstructing the View project in Yosemite Valley layered multiple historical photographs of the same scenes onto single large prints, creating palimpsests in which different eras of image-making coexist and comment on each other. The project raises questions about how landscape photography shapes our perception of place — and whether any photograph of Yosemite can escape the weight of all the photographs that came before it.

In a different register, Irina Werning’s Back to the Future series asked subjects to recreate their own childhood photographs — same pose, same clothing replicated or sourced, same location — decades later. The result is both funny and quietly devastating: the body remembers poses the mind has long forgotten.

Time After Time - Mark Hersch

These projects demonstrate something important: rephotography’s structural rigour doesn’t constrain artistic ambition. If anything, the discipline of matching creates a framework within which the differences become more eloquent. You only notice what has changed because everything else is held constant.


Digital Tools and Online Resources

The contemporary rephotographer has access to a range of tools and communities that didn’t exist even a decade ago.

GhostViewer

GhostViewer is a purpose-built platform for then-and-now photography, with particular focus on the British historic landscape. It provides an overlay tool that lets you align historical images against your current view in real time, a growing archive of georeferenced historical photographs, and a contributor community building out coverage across the UK. For photographers interested in historic rephotography of British locations, it’s currently the most focused resource available.

re.photos

re.photos is an international web portal for creating, browsing, searching, and sharing rephotographs. It allows georeferenced upload of image pairs and has a growing community of contributors across multiple countries. A good resource for discovering rephotography projects beyond the anglophone world.

Geograph Britain and Ireland

Geograph is a crowdsourced geographic photography project covering every OS grid square in Britain and Ireland. With images dating back to the early 2000s and a systematic approach to coverage, it’s becoming a genuinely valuable historical archive in its own right — an unintentional rephotography resource that will only grow in importance as the years pass.

Old Maps Online / National Library of Scotland Maps

For establishing historical context and locating the original positions of demolished structures, the National Library of Scotland’s map collection is an extraordinary resource. Georeferenced historical OS maps overlaid on current satellite imagery let you locate a building shown in a Victorian photograph, even when the building itself is long gone.

Francis Frith Collection

The Francis Frith Collection holds one of the largest archives of British topographical photography, spanning the 1860s to the 1970s. Many images are georeferenced and searchable by place name. For village and small-town rephotography in England and Wales, this is often the best starting point for finding original images.

Flickr Commons

Flickr Commons aggregates public domain and openly licensed historical photographs from major institutions worldwide — the Library of Congress, the British Library, the Smithsonian, and many others. An invaluable source for finding high-resolution originals with clear rights status.


Starting Your Own Rephotography Practice

If you haven’t tried rephotography before, the best way to start is simply: pick one image and follow it as far as it takes you.

Find a historical photograph of a place you know well — a town centre, a village, a stretch of coast. It doesn’t need to be famous or professionally shot. A postcard from 1910 is a perfectly good starting point. Spend some time studying it. Where was the camera? What time of day? What season?

Then go there. Take your time. Match the position as closely as you can. Come back a second time if you need to. When you’ve made the shot, put the two images side by side.

What you’ll find is that rephotography changes how you look at every photograph you subsequently make. You start to think about what your images will tell someone who returns to the same spot in fifty years. You start to read the landscape as a record rather than a scene. And you start to understand, in a practical and visceral way, what photographers before you were actually doing when they set up their cameras.

That shift in perspective — from image-maker to participant in an ongoing visual record — is what rephotography ultimately offers. It’s one of the most interesting things a camera can do. You may like to see what the resources on this RW Jemmett photography website and also the GhostViewer partners.


Here is a resource list. As I encounter more tools and projects worth knowing about. If you’re working on a rephotography project and would like to share it here, get in touch. If you are looking for an alignment tool please head over to GhostViewer a rephotography alignment tool developed by RW Jemmett